Political Development

Introduction Political Development involves the use of a number of criteria to enhance political experience. Precisely, the criteria are used to improve the living standards of ordinary people in developing countries. The essay focuses on the criteria used in political development and their associated influence to the living standards of people in Third World Countries. A number of case studies demonstrating the significance of the criteria in fostering political development are also analyzed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Political Development Criteria Generally, Political Development can be viewed as the constant effective increase in the potential of a system in response to social transitions and other institutions thus providing an effective communication channel between the population and the government. The development process can be undertaken in thr ee different criteria. These include: structural differentiation, system capabilities and equality tendency. The essay focuses on each of the criteria and their associated significance to the development experience and the lives of people in developing countries. Structural Differentiation It entails complicating societal relations with regard to the law concerning the increase in the diversity of peoples’ activities within the society and emergence of new interests among the diverse groups of individuals within the society. The reaction of political systems should be immediate so as to be effective. An effective political system is therefore characterised by highly specialised political institutes functionality and strong differentiation of its structures (Vasilik 2006). Consequently, the specialisation and functional differentiation level of structures yields the difference between developed and traditional political systems. The idea is based on the similar role played by both complex and simple political systems. Thus structural composition aspect forms the basis of the difference between the political systems since developed systems are more structurally differentiated (Vasilik 2006). The standardised model for socio-economics is used in measuring the relationship between economic development and structural differentiation aspect of political development. According to the model, political involvement is determined by the availability of distinct social resources in a society that bear economic significance. Participation of individuals that are highly educated and earning higher levels of income in political development far much exceeds the participation noted from the opposite group of individuals that are deemed poor and earning lower salaries. It has also been observed that rich persons having higher reputation in the society participate in politics far much more than poor people that occupy low status in the society (Yamada, Kohno Ikeda 2003). Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, adequacy of such structural resources is dependent on their economic development level. Economic development of a nation consequently transforms the social differentiation structure of its individuals. Therefore, effective political development should be aimed towards ensuring an expansion of opportunities to guarantee mobility of labour, an expansion of training centres to escalate the number of trained labourers and an expansion of the education system that is formal. A government that implements such initiatives transforms the societal social structure. An increase in the number of learned individuals would in return increase their participation in politics thus fostering political development. Highly learned individuals consequently form part of informed personnel that can occupy higher employment levels hence earn high salar ies. Furthermore, structural political development can aim at transforming psychological perspective of members of a society to foster economic development. Structural circumstances define political actions. Internal processes and preferences of an actor fuel political actions. Political participation of members of a society is therefore dependent on their attitudes and beliefs. Consequently, Political Development should be aimed at integrating such cultures and attitudes into the political system so as to enhance political participation. Adequate access to education, media and wealth foster political participation thus enhances political development. Democracy is also fostered by modernisation. Structural differentiation therefore aims at increasing individual involvement in politics. An increase in individual participation in politics fosters political development (D’Souza 1994). Findings on the significance of political participation to economic development The study encom passed a number of societies that is Mainland China, the colonial territory of Hong Kong and Taiwan that exhibited democracy. The type of the regime played a significant role in the modification of individual behaviour of members of the societies. It was observed that the rate of economic development within the entire country was unequal since the development rate in some regions surpassed that of other regions within the same country. Disparity was noted in the distribution of psychological and socioeconomic resources in the country. The difference was attributed to the variations in economic development levels in the regions. From the study, it was evident that the level of government activities in the regions was determined by the available resources. The difference therefore enabled an assessment of the relationship between economic development and political participation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study revealed that China’s development declined as one moved from the coastal region to the mainland provinces and finally to the provinces occupying the northwest region. The per capita Gross Domestic Product range of individual counties from 1993 statistics was 1,036-48,035 Yuan. Results indicated a positive correlation between economic development in mainland provinces and the level of involvement in politics among citizens. 89.4% of individuals in developed areas confirmed participation in politics whereas 80.5% of individuals in less developed regions affirmed motive-based participation in politics. However, the results were different in Hong Kong since there was a negative correlation between the level of participation in politics and economic development. This was attributed to Hong Kong’s poorly developed electoral system. System Capabilities Political development is enhanced by an increase in the capabil ities of the political system. The capabilities include survival acts, innovation and mobilisation. Innovation capability encompasses the ability of a political system to adjust and solve emerging problems and its reaction flexibility to emerging and unpredicted issues. Mobilisation capability entails resource mobility that is both material and human. Resource mobility assumptions include: transforming unclear weights expectations into policies and solid programs, distribution and development of joint action projects, existence of political insights that can offset or adjust weights to fit into certain situations, accumulation of all the required resources and authority on the part of the leaders (Vasilik 2006). Survival capability entails the ability of the political system to implement appropriate specialised socialisation structures that will enable offsetting of the actions of revolutionists and counterculture development. System capability should conform to both the social and technological aspects. Social capability entails the abilities of private and public organisations and the support obtained from cultural and social factors. Significant elements of social capability include: expert competence, management and organisation expertise in macro businesses, ability of markets and other financial institutions to mobilise capital, stakeholders trust and honesty in the development process and the government’s effectiveness and stability in rules enforcement and fostering economic growth (Fagerberg Srholec 2008). Technological capability entails the organisational, economic and social capability required to finance big company investments in the country in a bid to foster economic development. Countries that intend to undergo positive economic development therefore have to possess the abilities (Chandler 1990). However, technological capability can also be achieved through technology exploitation and exploration like in the case of Japan.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Japan’s success was attributed to its ability to link technological innovations with appropriate organisational requirements. Chandler’s perspective used by countries from the West was changed by Japan from â€Å"knowledge and creation† to â€Å"scale and scope†. Absorptive capacity is the other paradigm that can be used in enhancing technological capability of a political system. This refers to the ability of the system to recognise emerging foreign information, integrating it into its system and using the information for productive purposes aimed at fostering economic development (Cohen Levinthal 1990). Further study on the applications of the various technological capability paradigms depicts technological advancements of newly industrialising countries. Technological capability in developing nations was linked to the implementation of suitable technological activities in the 1970s and 1980s. For instance, technological capability transformed Korea fr om being an impoverished nation to a global technological hub within 30 years. Three elements were considered under technological capability. They include innovation, production and investment capabilities. Absorptive capacity was used by the country in achieving technological capability. The paradigm therefore focuses on technology exploitation capability besides research and development (Fagerberg Godinho 2004). Resource mobilisation entails the use of a number of means. These include: manipulation of trade terms, inflation tax, forced savings among others. Tax is a significant factor in state capability and formation. The political dimensions of a political system and state capacity and power parameters are measured by tax as one of the key measuring instruments. Consequently, developing countries should devise appropriate tax systems that foster growth through incentives, meet demands of distribution and collect adequate revenue. According to Toye (2000), state effectiveness an d viability is guaranteed by increased revenue. Tax revenue can be used by the government in infrastructure development and effective delivery of key services that are paramount to economic development. The political system should therefore aim at developing a suitable tax system that will finance its operations thus improve the living standards of citizens. Equality Tendency Criterion for Political Development This involves individual participation in political activities. The traditional submission culture should be transformed into participation culture. The submission culture aimed at ensuring the realisation of administrative responsibilities. On the contrary, the culture of participation entails active engagement into politics regardless of the associated attitudes from distinct institutions. The transition can be realised democratically. Mandatory mobilisation can also be used to effect the transformation. Equality tendency can be achieved through enactment of universal laws that are applicable to all members of a society without discrimination and privileges. The recruitment process of various holders of different state positions should be based on the applicant’s competence rather than being hereditary or limited to a specific group of members of a given class only (Vasilik 2006). However, equality tendency can decrease the capability of a political system. Consequently, in a bid to maintain the capability of the system, the level of political representation and the expression of interests of various groups are limited. The criterion thus focuses on functional differentiation of the institutes of the political system. Political development is thus enhanced when the system integrates the social interests of different groups through deliberate consolidations, aggregating interests using political parties and enhancing political social relations by permitting the acquisition of political information by the media. There are four groups that make up performance possibilities of political systems. They include: development of institutes of the political system that is responsible for logical bureaucracy and unity of the country, global possibility that permits the integration of international standards into the system, involvement possibility that entails the creation of a civil and democratic culture and structure and distribution possibility that provides the network for welfare standards’ circulation and effective coordination among social, economic and political structures. Economic development should correspond to the following dimensions: growth should be noted in the productive capability of the society, individual living standards should be improved significantly and continuously, income and assets distribution should be broadened, health and safety conditions should also be improved, improvement in resource utility and environmental management and improvement in gender equality (Vasilik 2006). The tenets of the democratic theory used to achieve equality tendency include the principles of universal citizenship, equality, popular sovereignty, weight and legality. The political system should aim at transforming authoritarian regimes into democratic ones. This entails extending political rights to individuals of a country, establishing electoral procedures that are limited, permitting self organisation of independent political parties and extending press freedom to enable the acquisition and transmission of certain sensitive political information. Democratic regimes are effective in producing a wide range of benefits thus foster economic development. Furthermore, corruption incidences are not prevalent in democratic regimes. This makes them suitable for economic development (D’Souza 1994). After the Second World War, many developing nations have undergone a series of economic and political developments. The study on the correlation between the development processes of these countries an d the associated democracy is vital to convey the causal relationship between the two variables. Findings of the study indicate that democratic political institutions significantly fostered the process of economic development in the countries. As a matter of fact, the poor are numerous in developing nations. Consequently, successful politics in such regions is dependent on the ability of a political party to address economic development issues of such poor people. Therefore, election of such politicians into the parliament and government will guarantee enactment of laws that will enhance economic development of poor people since politicians have the propensity of gaining support and favour (De Haan Siermann 1996). Therefore, continuous economic development in developing countries coincides with the rate of democratisation. Poverty eradication programs will be implemented by regimes that rely on poor people for their survival. However, the implementation of such programs in develope d nations faces multiple challenges since it involves a lengthy process. It is also evident that democracy emerges with economic development. It is therefore effectively sustained in developed nations rather than developing ones. Basing on another study that was conducted on 135 countries for the study period that is 1950 and 1999, 44 countries remained under dictatorship. 34 countries were observed to have sustained democracy throughout the entire study period. There were transitions in the regimes from dictatorship to democratic and vice versa. Single regime change was noted in 29 countries with 2 countries changing their political regime from democracy to dictatorship and 27 changing from dictatorship to democracy. Double regime transition was noted in 12 countries. The countries that experienced 3, 4, 5 and 6 regime transitions were 5, 5, 3 and 2 respectively. One country that is Argentina experienced 8 regime transitions within the study period (Brass 1986). Results indicated t hat dictatorship regimes faded under a number of circumstances. For instance, some dictatorship regimes collapsed during economic crises whereas others fall as a result of economic development of a country. International forces were also responsible for the crumbling of some dictatorship regimes. However, empirical results indicate that democracy survived in countries that exhibited an increase in economic development and failed in the case where a country’s prosperity either stagnated or declined. With regard to income distribution, a decrease in the income ratio of top-to-bottom individuals of a country enhanced survival of democracy. In summary, democracy fosters economic development since it guarantees effective allocation of resources to all parts of a country (Patti Navarra 2009). Democracy also exhibits effective utility of the allocated resources. This fosters economic development in the country. Political Development should be centred towards establishing democracy regimes to guarantee appropriate resource allocation especially to the disadvantaged regions of a country. Transparency and accountability are also enhanced under democracy regimes rather than dictatorships. Consequently, there is a high chance that a country that adopts democracy as a tool for attaining equality tendency improves the living standards of its citizens (Bardhan 1999; Bardhan 2005). Reference List Bardhan, P 1999, ‘Democracy and Development: A Complex Relationship’, in I Shapiro C Hacker-Cordon (eds), Democracy’s Value, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 93-111. Bardhan, P 2005, ‘Institutions matter, but which ones?’, Economics of Transition, vol. 13, no.3, pp. 499-532. Brass, PR 1986, ‘The Political Uses of Crisis: The Bihar Famine of 1966-1967’, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 245-267. Chandler, AD 1990, Scale and Scope: The Dimension of Industrial Capitalism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA). Cohen, W M Levinthal, DA 1990, ‘Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation’, Learning and Science Quarterly, vol. 35, no.1, pp. 128-152. De Haan, J Siermann, C 1996, ‘New Evidence on the Relationship between Democracy and Economic Growth’, Public Choice, vol. 86, no. (1-2), pp. 175-198. D’Souza, F 1994, ‘Democracy as a cure for famine’, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 31, no.4, pp.369-373. Fagerberg, J Godinho, MM 2004, ‘Innovation and Catching Up’, in J Fagerberg, D Mowery R Nelson (eds), The Oxford Handbook on Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 514-544. Fagerberg, J Srholec, M 2008, ‘National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development’, Research policy, vol. 37, no.9, pp. 1417-1435. Patti, DMA Navarra, P 2009, ‘Globalization, democratization and economic growth’, Applied economics letters, vol. 16, no.7, p. 731-734. Toye, J 2000, â₠¬ËœFiscal Crisis and Reform in Developing Countries’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 21-44. Vasilik, MA 2006, ‘Political Development: Concept and Criteria’, Political Science. Web. Yamada, Y, Kohno, M Ikeda, K 2003, Influence of Social Capital on Political Participation in Asian Cultural Context, Asian Barometer, Taipei. This essay on Political Development was written and submitted by user Jennifer Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Of Miles Davis

Of Miles Davis By Willam Ford The poem is talking about the jazz great Miles Davis. In stanza one it says â€Å"The pop out eyes belonging to Baldwin but are sadder meaner , more direct In their accusations against us† In my opinion it is talking about a person who is holding in a lot of hurt and problems, and he is hiding his problems from the people who enjoys him. In stanza two it says â€Å"The French have given him a medal and assigned him Picassio’s genius. In the third world he outsells Bird (Charlie Parker).† It is basically saying that Miles Davis is the best and makes more money, or draws more of a crowd than Bird. In stanza three the poem states† Costumed tonight in a showering tent of silver, he stands under the spot Head crooked , glasses as dark†. It is saying that once again he is covering up a problem to hide it from his audience and his eyes are covered by dark glasses because if they weren’t people would know what the problem is that he is trying to hide. In stanza four it states â€Å"As eyes of! Tiresias He’s blowing a funky put-to-gether Bouquet of malvolent flowers.† It is saying that when he is blowing his instrument his eyes stand out like the great Greek god Tiresias. Then it talks about a funky put together, it means that his music is one of a kind and it then talks about a Bouquet of malvolent flowers. In my opinion it is saying that his music is beautiful but fading because of continued dug use. In stanza seven the poem states that â€Å"As from the devil hisself the whole sound shaking with a cocaine jumpiness He says he finally did kick.† I think it is saying that his music is changing because he has finally gave his problem, which kept him costumed and kept his eyes covered with dark glasses. In stanza eight and nine it says â€Å"And yet here and there, we hear it , That muted horn from kind of blue almost as slow, almost that orchidaceous.† I personally think that it is saying that ever... Free Essays on Of Miles Davis Free Essays on Of Miles Davis Of Miles Davis By Willam Ford The poem is talking about the jazz great Miles Davis. In stanza one it says â€Å"The pop out eyes belonging to Baldwin but are sadder meaner , more direct In their accusations against us† In my opinion it is talking about a person who is holding in a lot of hurt and problems, and he is hiding his problems from the people who enjoys him. In stanza two it says â€Å"The French have given him a medal and assigned him Picassio’s genius. In the third world he outsells Bird (Charlie Parker).† It is basically saying that Miles Davis is the best and makes more money, or draws more of a crowd than Bird. In stanza three the poem states† Costumed tonight in a showering tent of silver, he stands under the spot Head crooked , glasses as dark†. It is saying that once again he is covering up a problem to hide it from his audience and his eyes are covered by dark glasses because if they weren’t people would know what the problem is that he is trying to hide. In stanza four it states â€Å"As eyes of! Tiresias He’s blowing a funky put-to-gether Bouquet of malvolent flowers.† It is saying that when he is blowing his instrument his eyes stand out like the great Greek god Tiresias. Then it talks about a funky put together, it means that his music is one of a kind and it then talks about a Bouquet of malvolent flowers. In my opinion it is saying that his music is beautiful but fading because of continued dug use. In stanza seven the poem states that â€Å"As from the devil hisself the whole sound shaking with a cocaine jumpiness He says he finally did kick.† I think it is saying that his music is changing because he has finally gave his problem, which kept him costumed and kept his eyes covered with dark glasses. In stanza eight and nine it says â€Å"And yet here and there, we hear it , That muted horn from kind of blue almost as slow, almost that orchidaceous.† I personally think that it is saying that ever...

Evidence based practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Business Valuation of Tesco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Valuation of Tesco - Research Paper Example The paper discusses reasons resulting in the declining performance of Tesco. In the recession time, when other competitors like Wal-Mart, Sainsbury’s, and Carrefour have been facing severe problems, Tesco has adopted strong strategic plans to cope with the financial crisis. In the years following the financial crisis period, the company has reported a declining profit, despite the fact that profits yielding from its operations were greater, but the consumers’ behavior remained ineffective. Tough competition among competitive companies led by low-profit margin pricing and marketing activities has been observed during 2012-2013. The company has maintained strong policies and strategies to overcome obstacles (Miller, 2005). The analysis of the performance of Tesco shows that the competition has led the company to initiate steps to minimize its costs. It has enabled the company to increase its profit margin when consumers hesitate to spend. On the other hand, an effective a nd innovative platform in the operational side of the business has been observed (Naunheim, 2011).  As the consumer’s behavior model has changed in recent years, this strategy of Tesco has regained the confidence of consumers and has increased its sales volume. The analysis of the five-year financial information (see Table 1) depicts that the company’s stock price has been fluctuating with the changes under economic circumstances (Naunheim, 2011). Tesco’s stock price peaked during 2009-2010, whereas a gradual fall was observed in 2010-2011, but a major decline in stock prices was in 2012-2013 (Dinkhoff, 2009). According to financial data, there has been a major decline in 2012. Amongst competitors in the retailing and grocery merchandising industry, Sainsbury’s stock value has been gradually increased during 2009-2011. By the end of 2011, the company’s stock peaked, and after 2011 a gradual decline in the Sainsbury’s stock prices has been observed (Dinkhoff, 2009). Sainsbury’s market price has not fluctuated like that of Tesco during 2011-2012.  

United States View on the Cold War Research Paper

United States View on the Cold War - Research Paper Example However, the war reflected a competition between two superpowers that were the America and Soviet Union. This paper illustrates various view of the America concerning the occurrence of the cold war. Causes of the Cold War The United States saw the Cold War as a war between itself and the Soviet Union3. Moreover, the American saw the war as a global confrontation between itself and the Soviet Union. According to the Americans, the war occurred because of having different views regarding a number of world issues with the Soviet Union. Moreover, the Americans viewed the cause of the war to be various political differences that existed between the country and the Soviet Union. The other possible factor that contributed to the development of the Cold War was the Americans fear that the communists might attack them. This contributed to the Americas want to show that it could not be defeated by any other nation in the whole world. The other significant issue that led Americans to engage in the war was the bad blood between Truman and Stalin. However, other issues contributed to the development of the Cold War were those from the side of the communists. For example, the Russians feared that the American would cause a great trouble if it managed to release the atomic bomb. Another major factor that contributed to the development of the war was that the Russians disliked the concept of capitalism4. How the Cold War reflected Americans in the world Most of the countries that were involved and those that were not involved in the cold viewed America as one of the biggest enemy of Soviet Union. The rivalry between the two powers existed from as early as 1917. At first, both of the two powers were fighting against the Axis powers. Some of the Axis powers that were great enemies of America during the cold war include Germany and Japan. However, even though the two nations were fighting together, their relationship was tense. This means that they did not believe in one another on various issues concerning the war. This is because the Americans saw the Soviet Union as a major threat regarding to how they wished various issues would go concerning the war. The Americas started to mistrust the Soviet Union when it managed to gain control of the Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union on the other hand, started to view the American as a threat especially when it managed to make a move on the development of the atomic weapon. It is believed that one of presidents who contributed to the occurrence of the strong relationship was Woodrow Wilson. Under the leadership of Wilson, America had dedicated itself to maintain democracy. Wilson also managed to promote the country in enacting the free enterprise system. However, the communists were emphasizing on the issue of the excellent revolution. With the world class, the communists believed that most of the countries under its leadership would bring socialization in f uture. Through the contribution of Wilson in trying to promote democracy, many parts in the world viewed America as peaceful although there were others with different views. However, even with the contribution of Wilson to promote democracy, he did not succeed. Even the Soviet Union did not succeed in its contribution of promoting peace. Damage of America’s Reputation America damaged its reputation after engaging on the war against Vietnam. Most of the countries in the world viewed that America had not made the right decision on engaging

Review Of Cruise Tourism And Malaysia Tourism Essay

Review Of Cruise Tourism And Malaysia Tourism Essay Cruise Tourism is one of the major growth areas of world tourism Peisley, 1992; Hobson, 1993; Cruise Lines International Association, 1995. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit: There seems little doubt that, by the turn of the century, cruising will be firmly established as one of the worlds major tourism industries with significant markets in North America, the UK, Europe and Asia. The total number of annual passengers will have reached 8 million plus Cruising is the fastest-growing sector of the international holiday scene (The Passenger Shipping Association, 2003). Cruise tourism can be defined as the use of ships for pleasure cruising and not merely for transportation (UNWTO, 1997). Ocean and coastal cruise tourism is unique in the manner in which it provides a combination of transportation, accommodation, entertainment, retail and destination services. Cruise liners can be regarded as floating resort facilities, which have the major advantage of seasonal repositioning. From its predominantly Caribbean base, cruise tourism has spread across the world, increasing ports of call in all regions. As well as this, river and canal cruising has grown rapidly, particularly in Europe and China. The cruise industry is growing, expanding and accessing new markets by, in part, bringing into reach a diversity of popular and successful destinations that are new for cruise tourism, by exploiting previously under-utilised ports (Younger, 2003). 2.1.1 The cruise industry The growth of the cruise market throughout the world, and perhaps more notably in the United Kingdom (UK) has been one of the most remarkable phenomena of the 1990s (Wild Dearing, 2000). The cruise industry is the fastest growing segment of the travel industry achieving more than 2,100 percent growth since 1970, when an estimated 500,000 people took a cruise. Industry estimates are that 13.5 million people took a cruise vacation in 2009, with a total of 14.3 million passengers forecasted to sail in 2010. (Cruise Lines International Association [CLIA], 2010). In early 2001, 64 new and larger capacity ships were in production, expanding passenger capacities by 35%. More than 50% of these ships are dedicated to the United States tourism market and are now operating throughout the Caribbean (Sparrow, 2004). The cruise industrys growth is also reflected in its expanding guest capacity. Nearly 40 new ships were built in the 1980s and during the 1990s, nearly 80 new ships debuted. By the end of 2009, over 100 new ships were introduced since 2000, with 12 new vessels on the way for 2010. (CLIA, 2010) These new vessels carry more passengers, more crew, generate more waste and consume more goods and services. 2.2 Theoretical Framework According to Weaver and Oppermann (2000), tourism is a complex phenomenon involving many actors and interactive factors. Some of the actors are tourists, tour operators, cruise lines and airlines. To be able to understand the complicated nature of the tourism industry, a system based approach is suitable. Leipers tourism model can be used as the theoretical framework as it views tourism as a form of a system in which there is an operational structure built up of interacting components. Leiper who was an early supporter of the adoption of a systems approach towards understanding tourism defined tourism as: . . . the system involving the discretionary travel and temporary stay of persons away from their usual place of residence for one or more nights, excepting tours made for the primary purpose of earning remuneration from points en route. The elements of the system are tourists, generating regions, transit routes, destination regions and a tourist industry. These five elements are arranged in spatial and functional connections. Having the characteristics of an open system, the organisation of five elements operates within broader environments: physical, cultural, social, economic, political, technological with which it interacts. The components of the tourism system are shown in the model below (fig 1.1). This whole tourism system approach helps to organise our knowledge about tourism and its relationship with cruises. Leipers approach was to try and understand destinations, generating areas, transit zones, the environment and flows within the context of a wider tourism system rather than seeing them as separate independent entities. In the model there are three interactive components: (i) the tourism generating region, (ii) the destination region and (iii) transit routes which link the two regions. It is evident that transport forms an integral part of the tourism system by linking the tourist generating and destination regions together. Collier (1994) classifies tourism transport on several bases (e.g. public or private sector transport, water/land/air transport; domestic and international transport and mode of transport). Cruise tourism is considered as a system in which cruisers and operators are major actors. The tourism-generating region and the destination region are linked together through cruising which is also a tourism product. This makes cruise ships a unique form of tourism transport. People go on a cruise more than they go to a place. And yet their major competition is not other forms of transport but real places. As Morrison et al. (1996: 15) put it: Instead of competing with the airlines, the cruise lines have become their partners and now compete with destinations, resorts, and other vacation alternatives. The cruise ship itself has become a floating resort providing the maximum possible leisure and entertainment facilities. However Leipers model has been criticized for being simplistic (Prosser, 1998). Prosser provided a more detailed model that, he claimed, represents more effectively the inner complexities of the tourism environment. 2.3 SWOT analysis for Mauritius SWOT is an acronym where the letters stand for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is a commonly used analytical tool in business environments that has become firmly established in the literature of strategic management (Evans, et al. 2003). A SWOT analysis is a useful way of assessing the situation that a destination faces in its effort to develop cruise tourism. . According to Weihrich (1982), the SWOT analysis is the process of analysing organisations and their environments based on their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This includes the environmental analysis, the process of scanning the business environment for threats and opportunities, which is considered as external factors, and the organisational analysis, the process of analysing a firms strengths and weaknesses as internal factors. Internal factors Strengths Weaknesses A strategically located port in the Indian Ocean Capacity and Infrastructure constraints- too few berths Safe and wonderful tourism destination Cyclonic period during the months of November to May Pleasant climate practically whole year round Nautical constraints- For many big cruise vessels at the same time Variety of land-based and water-based attractions Poor maintenance of beaches and attractions A great variety of cultures Low awareness in the market about cruise tourism in Mauritius Relatively good basic structures(hospitals, roads) and a good transport system Mauritius considered as an expensive destination and not within the reach of many World class quality services by Tour Operators, Hotels, Restaurants, and Travel Agents. Poor service at the port and untrained staff Minimum formalities on arrival of cruise vessels Poor road links to certain location and place of interest Lack of industry cohesion No strategic plan at MPA and MOT level External Factors Opportunities Threats Estimated two million tourists by the year 2015 Seasonality of the industry Brand name- Ile Maurice un plaisir Threats by terrorists and Somalian Pirates The cruise market Potential is strong for Regional/ International growth Competition from other exotic tourism destinations Improvement of physical infrastructure including adequate parking facilities at places of interest and other recreational areas Likely increase in oil prices affecting cost of travel Political stability of market of origin Economic uncertainty- late bookings and close-to-home cruises to avoid expense on flying Air network expansion facilitating Fly-cruise concept Strong growth of European demand (German, French and Spanish markets) 2.4 Sustainable development issues of cruise tourism: Although a relatively new phenomenon, tourism has become one of the worlds largest industries in recent years. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 2004), sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. In 2008, International tourism arrival reached there were 922 million worldwide, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. (WTO) Given its total significance, it is not surprising that the tourism industry has a substantial environmental impact. In particular, tourism development is associated with environmental problems like deforestation, soil or beach erosion, and coral ecosystem destruction. Since tourism development also tends to result in rapid urbanization, it can contribute to such problems as increased air and water pollution, as well as inadequate solid waste management (Baver and Lynch 2006, 5). The scale and gravity of these impacts tend to be amplified in the Caribbean, where the environment comprises some of the most fragile ecosystems on earth, including beaches, coral reefs, and tropical forests (Lynch 2006, 158). When sustainable tourism has been applied to the industry, more emphasis has been given to tourisms effects upon the environment and economy, rather than to factors related to its effect on communities (Hardy et al, 2002: 491) Cruise tourism is currently going through a period of revival with new vessels being launched and sailing to ever more exotic places. Criticisms Hunter (1997) argues that different interpretations of sustainable tourism are appropriate urder different circumstances. The study of sustainable tourism should not be a rigid framework, but an adaptive paradigm which legitimizes a variety of approaches according to specific circtimstances (Htinter, 1997: 851).

One Flew Over the Cukoos Nest: Every Person is Different :: One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest

One Flew Over the Cukoo's Nest: Every Person is Different In this world there are millions upon millions of people that roam around the earth in there own special, little life. Every person is different than the next one and he or she has their own personality. Each person also deals with life differently than the next. If everyone was the same, then we would be like one giant colony of ants. Just following the ant in front of us, and everyone looking the same as the next. Not having any of there own ideas or thoughts of what to do and how to do it. Some people are what you may call "normal", some are depressed, some are mentally ill, and some are just plain old crazy. In the book One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, written by Ken Kesey, the author shows how people can act so differently and have different ways of dealing with their problems. The story is narrated by Chief Bromden who is thought to be deaf and dumb. He tells of a man by the name of R. P. McMurphy, who was a con man, and was convicted of statutory rape. He told the officials that, "she was 18 and very willing if you know what I mean."( ) He was sent to a work farm, where he would spend some time, working off his crime. Since he was so lazy, he faked being insane and was transferred to a mental ward, somewhere near Portland, Oregon. On his arrival he finds some of the other members of the asylum to be almost "normal" and so he tries to make changes to the ward; even though the changes he is trying to make are all at his own expense. As time goes on he gets some of th e other inmates to realize that they aren't so crazy and this gets under the skin of the head nurse. Nurse Ratched (the head nurse) and McMurphy have battle upon battle against each other to show who is the stronger of the two. He does many things to get the other guys to leave the ward. First he sets up a fishing trip for some of them, then sets up a basketball team, along with many smaller problems and distractions. Finally Nurse Ratched gives him all he can handle and he attacks her.

Compare the Methods Used to Distribute Two Selected Products and Services Essay

In this report I will be comparing methods used by two different retailers on how they distribute two chosen products, of my choice, in two different retailing sectors. Seeing as the food and clothing sector both have very different styles of how they meet their product requirements, I will compare Tesco and JD; The products from these two companies itself that I’m going to compare is ‘Tesco Value Bread’ and Nike hoodies. For the food retailing sector (Tesco) there are many different departments that address what type of design is necessary for the distribution chain, the types that are available for a company such as Tesco is: frozen, chilled, and fresh foods, with packed goods too. However, for the clothing sector (JD) for a product like Nike hoodies JD need to consider various things like amount of the specific product they want, how they’re going to get them (whether it’s overseas or not) and will they have enough to reach customer demand, etc. Tesco have manufacturers that mass produce products such as their ‘Tesco Value Bread’ to keep up with their customer satisfaction in quantity. The goods travel from the manufacturer to the actual retailer (Tesco) and from there it’s sold directly to the customer for their consumption or any other need. However, for the Nike Hoodies to get to the customer Nike have to go through additional steps to get their item out on the market. As always, the product, in this case Nike hoodies, start off being massed produced by the manufacturer, which then get sent off to the wholesaler- which would be Nike; After all of this the final adjustments are done to the good (Nike hoodie) it’s sent to retailers, mainly abroad, for them to sell it directly to the customers. These two products production processes are quite different as they go through different their production quality is very different. Plus, the amount of time it takes to produce each product differentiates from the two also. The only main similarity they really have is the delivery procedures that take place; this could mean the shipping costs, the quality of transport and what’s expected. There are more outgoing costs in the production process for the Nike hoodies than the ‘Tesco Value Bread’ as the clothing’s going to more places, and costs a considerable amount more to make than the bread. The warehousing locations used to hold the goods (the food and the clothing) may be identical in size but the number of locations is most likely different. Because of the fact that the Nike hoodies are bigger in size compared to the ‘Tesco Value Bread’ one may be lead to believe that Nike have purchased/hired out a lot more warehouses to contain their goods compared to Tesco. On the other hand, even though Nike may seem to have more warehouses than Tesco it doesn’t necessarily mean that they sell more, as there are different levels of demand for both the products. Nike promote their hoodies through a lot of ways; Nike use mainly advertisements through the web, television and advertisements through shops-most of the time their own shops. They mass promote their Nike hoodies, whether they’re new releases or just old hoodies that need to go. Through companies like JD that sell Nike hoodies most of the time they put the hoodies on sell to promote the product further and make it more appealing to the customers that may want to purchase it. Tesco, to some extent, do in fact the same thing in regards to reduced cost methods but it isn’t even close to comparable when looking at how much of the total cost of the two items I’ve chosen are; for example: ‘Tesco Value Bread is around 45p, Tesco could suddenly decide to reduce it to 37p, there’s an 8p difference. JD however, sells Nike hoodies for around  £60- £70, they could choose to reduce it to  £30, and the difference would be ? 30-? 40. Now, the overall difference between the bread and the Nike hoodie is about  £29.92- £39.92; clearly looking at the statistics there’s a massive difference. Nike as a massive retailing company would find it easy to sell their Nike hoodie merchandise as they’ve already built up their reputation across the globe as to how much quality and various other reasons why the customer should buy their Nike hoodies; just like Nike, Tesco have also built up a fearsome reputation on the market for selli ng their goods at reasonably cheap prices that appeal to majority of people. Nike also have a wide range of the target market that they aim their products at, however, Tesco have more of a range on their goods, like their ‘Tesco Value Bread’ are aimed at pretty much everyone and anyone that wants cheap bread, but mainly targeted at a family orientated customer. Comparing Tesco and Nike to offers that occur after a trade/purchase is a really one sided comparison. Tesco excel the most at keeping their customers loyal and retained through keeping them updated on new offers/things that will benefit them greatly. Tesco are mainly known for their Clubcard points, the Clubcard points can be added up to give them a nice discount from their next exchange with Tesco, which again ensures that they always come back- it’s like a cycle. Currently Nike is trying their best to retain their customers. Nike aren’t that well known for trying to keep their customers loyal and retaining them but they’re slowly but surely increasing that weakness and turning it into a strength, just like how Tesco have. In conclusion, I have listed, explained and compared the methods that Tesco and Nike have/currently used to distribute their specific goods that chose, which were; ‘Tesco Value Bread’ and Nikes’ hoodies and how they impacted the market. I have also addressed their target market and how this may affect how they portray their company in order to distribute their goods.

The “New World” Explorer

A common instrument of writers is to explore a terrain or new culture through the eyes of a stranger.  Ã‚   A stranger would seek to explore and discover all the facets and aspects of his new environment.  Ã‚   On the other hand, to introduce the world through the eyes of a resident becomes dull in time as the resident, having been familiar with most of the workings of his world, would leave much of it that is not within his immediate vicinity unmentioned or unsaid. In both the stories Benito Cereno and Daisy Miller, the protagonist is an American.  Ã‚   He also has had some familiarity of his environment, but not enough not to make him less of a stranger. This identity is beneficial, as the United States is psychologically set apart from the traditions of Old Europe, and even that of Spanish America.   The protagonists suddenly become pioneers, in their attempts to discover more of their immediate strange and unfamiliar territory.  Ã‚   This â€Å"New World† effect is more enhanced as outside of the limited perspective of the protagonist, the author carefully and quietly arranges appropriate symbolisms of object, expression and style to give a subtle reference to the traditions, American for Henry Melville, and European for Henry James. The immediately recognizable symbolism seen by the protagonists in Benito Cereno and Daisy Miller is represented through the symbolism of object.  Ã‚   These are embodied in concrete landmarks that have deeper context in their respective traditions.  Ã‚   In 19th century America, in Benito Cereno the landmark was the ship of the Spaniard, the San Dominick.  Ã‚   The ship embodies the restless, pioneering spirit, which first brought Europe in contact with the Indians of the Americas; it later becomes the lifeblood of the European colonizers, particularly the Spanish, in the form of the Galleon Trade and the Slave Trade.  Ã‚   It is therefore noteworthy that San Dominick represents both institutions in its housing both treasure and African slaves (Melville, 140). Henry James’ Daisy Miller depicts the landmarks as the landscape of the mountains across the Vevey lake, the Chateau de Chillon, and the Colosseum.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The castle represents the hundreds that dot Europe’s country, having been once the social and cultural centers from Medieval times even to the 18th century, when ruling families and aristocrats reigned in lavish palaces and mansions.   The Alpine mountains are a sight common in southern Europe: from Switzerland, Italy, southern Germany and Austria, and is reminiscent of its kin west in the form of the Pyrenees.   The use of French, from terminology to architecture, represents the dominant influence of the French since the Enlightenment, and the imagery of Rome—from cobbled streets to Colosseum likewise symbolize the preservation of Europe’s antiquity throughout its reverting to contemporary times. The fear depicted in both works, meanwhile, are symbols of expressions that, in their descriptions, also indicate the respective mindsets of the peoples of those times: for instance, in the period of Benito Cereno, the threat of piracy was a very real danger encountered by any captain.  Ã‚   The ship was the lifeblood of trade between nations, and in Spain’s case between Empire and colonies. Captain Delano’s spasms of panic at the possibility of the Saint Dominick crew being pirates were understandable. Social etiquette was at the center of the â€Å"gentleman’s world† in European social circles.  Ã‚   The fears were more directed at what harmed this â€Å"social order†: scandal.  Ã‚   Thus, in Daisy Miller, the growing fear in Daisy’s open associations with men of questionable character was that it fomented a scandal among social circles, as behavior that openly defied social norms. Discrimination also plays a substantial role in the fears, which feeds off the protagonists. Captain Delano’s worries are fed by the liberal actions of the Spanish captain towards the various incidences pointing to the African’s seeming â€Å"equality† with the Spaniard—the unpunished abuse by a slave boy towards a Spanish counterpart, the reactions of two slaves upon the brusque action of one Spaniard and the treatment of the African slave-prince Atufal’s defiance (Melville, 166).   Winterbourne’s fears are borne from the disapproving observations of the women of Daisy’s associations, as is described in Daisy Miller, as well as her habit of going out at night with a total stranger—once attempted with Winterbourne, then actually acted on with Giovanelli. The symbolism of structure and style is one that can be discovered after the second and third reading.  Ã‚   It gives the reader an indication of whether, like the American tradition, the narrative is one linear and direct and practical or uses subtle undertones, as is done in European cultures.  Ã‚   In Benito Cereno, the paranoia of Captain Delano grows through different images: the sight of the Ashantee slaves with their hatchets (Melville, 161), the comings and goings of members of the Spanish crew (151, 153), and the hushed conversations of his host and the African aide (153). When the ruse is finally discovered, the resolution is swiftly conveyed through an American expedition (189-192). In contrast, European literal tradition is more reflective and focuses on the varying subtleties of movement and speech.  Ã‚   The resolution, then, is less clear if the layers of meanings of the scenes that preceded it was not easily understood.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was therefore, in Daisy Miller, through the careful study of the exchange of words between Winterbourne and Daisy in Chateau de Chillon leading to her sudden change in demeanor, her unforgiving chidings of Winterbourne in Rome of his final words to her in Vevey, and the confrontation between them in the Colosseum, could the tragic final scenes be clearly understood. Works Cited References Melville, Herman.   Billy Budd, Sailor and Other Stories.   New York: Bantam Books, 1984. Electronic Sources James, Henry.   â€Å"Daisy Miller†.   Daisy Miller by Henry James.   February 2001, Project Gutenberg, 02 May 2002 .

Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving

Heuristic problem solving – are common-sense rules drawn from experience, used to solve problems. Or simply put the heuristic method of problem solving is a rule of thumb. By contrast, algorithms are straightforward procedures that are guaranteed to work every time. Heuristic programming characterizes programs that are self-learning; they are a part of artificial intelligence, they get better with experience. Heuristic programs do not always reach the very best result but usually produce good results within a reasonable amount of search time. As discussed in the April 1998 Phi Delta Kappa article titled â€Å"What is problem solving†, general heuristics are â€Å"cognitive rules of thumb that are useful in solving a great variety of problems†. Specific heuristics are used in specialized areas, often-specific subject domains or professions. There are three common methods in heuristic problem solving. First, the most powerful general heuristic is to form a sub-goal to reduce the discrepancy between your present state and your ultimate goal state. Do something to get a little closer to the end goal. Problems defy one-shot solutions; they must be broken down into smaller parts. A second heuristic method seeks to solve problems by "working backward." First, consider your ultimate goal. From there, decide what would constitute a reasonable step just prior to reaching that goal. Then ask yourself, what would be the step just prior to that? Beginning with the end, you build a strategic bridge backward and event ually reach the initial conditions of the problem. The third heuristic method seeks to solve problems through "successive approximation." Initial tries at solving a problem may result in a product that is less than satisfying. Writing is a good example. Few accomplished writers attempt to write perfect prose the first time. Rather, the initial goal is a rough draft or an outline or a list of ideas. Over time, a manuscript is ... Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving Free Essays on Heuristic Problem Solving Heuristic problem solving – are common-sense rules drawn from experience, used to solve problems. Or simply put the heuristic method of problem solving is a rule of thumb. By contrast, algorithms are straightforward procedures that are guaranteed to work every time. Heuristic programming characterizes programs that are self-learning; they are a part of artificial intelligence, they get better with experience. Heuristic programs do not always reach the very best result but usually produce good results within a reasonable amount of search time. As discussed in the April 1998 Phi Delta Kappa article titled â€Å"What is problem solving†, general heuristics are â€Å"cognitive rules of thumb that are useful in solving a great variety of problems†. Specific heuristics are used in specialized areas, often-specific subject domains or professions. There are three common methods in heuristic problem solving. First, the most powerful general heuristic is to form a sub-goal to reduce the discrepancy between your present state and your ultimate goal state. Do something to get a little closer to the end goal. Problems defy one-shot solutions; they must be broken down into smaller parts. A second heuristic method seeks to solve problems by "working backward." First, consider your ultimate goal. From there, decide what would constitute a reasonable step just prior to reaching that goal. Then ask yourself, what would be the step just prior to that? Beginning with the end, you build a strategic bridge backward and event ually reach the initial conditions of the problem. The third heuristic method seeks to solve problems through "successive approximation." Initial tries at solving a problem may result in a product that is less than satisfying. Writing is a good example. Few accomplished writers attempt to write perfect prose the first time. Rather, the initial goal is a rough draft or an outline or a list of ideas. Over time, a manuscript is ...

Causes of the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of the Civil War - Essay Example The North and the South regions of the country were very different from each other in economic sphere. While the northern regions were industrial developed and people living there "earned their living producing iron, steel, machinery, and cloth in factories" (American History - Overview), the southern part of the USA was oriented to agricultural goods production. Since Missouri Compromise of 1820 the territory of the country had been divided into two parts: industrialised North and agricultural South. The Northern states used paid workers labor who worked in different branches of industry while Southern states used slaves' labor; slaves worked in plantations growing cotton, rice, tobacco and sugar. Such differences between the two parts of the country are the main cause of the Civil War. This development disproportion goes back to the early 1800s when "the Northern states were rapidly becoming industrialized. The population of Northern cities increased" (American History - Overview). Such disproportion resulted in irreconcilable contradictions between the North and the South, and these contradictions in turn resulted in the Civil War between the North and the South. There are also two indirect causes of the Civil War. These are slavery and states' rights. ... Slavery adherents argued that slavery was economically profitable and not wrong. But many slaves didn't want to suffer from their masters' exploitation and fought against it. Some of them came to the North where people had possibility to be paid for their work. Against those who ran away from their masters strict measures were initiated1. But in the same time many slaves took their position for granted considering that it is their destiny and they would be awarded after death. In the 1800s some states of the Southern part of the United States "argued that it was the right of the state to decide whether or not to allow slavery. This right and others are sometimes referred to as 'states' rights.'" (American History - Overview). From this point of view the following documents are especially interesting: these are William H. Seward's Irrepressible Conflict Speech and "Houses Divided" Speech by Abraham Lincoln. William H. Seward, democrat, convicted slavery asserting that "The slave system is one of constant danger, distrust, suspicion, and watchfulness. It debases those whose toil alone can produce wealth and resources for defense, to the lowest degree of which human nature is capable..." (William H. Seward, 1858). He gives examples of slavery in different countries and epochs, such as in Russia, Turkey and some others. He underlines that slavery cannot exist in democratic countries: "In states where the free-labor system prevails, universal suffrage necessari ly obtains, and the state inevitably becomes, sooner or later, a republic or democracy" (William H. Seward, 1858). Abraham Lincoln, republican, was more decisive. He appealed to refuse from slavery and points out that it is impossible for one country

Models of Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Models of Decision Making - Essay Example This will also lead you to take action on refined management interaction course. Communication and the way you handle it and its deliverance is very important in all forms of entities be it actual or online for the retention of customers. An employee of the bank, the teller, complained directly to the representative of the client that their interbranch deposits and their deposits at the branch itself shall be made under one deposit slip and not in several deposit slips. Client's representative explains that it is made according to the location /outlets depositing. Their policy is one deposit slip per outlet. Since there are lots of outlets near the bank then there are lots of deposit slips that was made and their cut off for making deposit slips is twice a day. Therefore we can expect two deposit slips made for each outlet. It has been happening for a week and the teller was really annoyed that the client did not follow his suggestion. What he did is to confront the representative every time deposits were made, grumble and let the customer wait for long intentionally. Feedback was given to the depositor who called the Branch Head.